- Semaglutide
- Sermorelin
- CJC-1295
Foundations & Peptide Science
The pharmacologic bedrock every later module assumes: how peptides signal rather than replace, what determines a protocol's route and cadence, and how to judge whether a peptide's evidence base is a human trial or a rat study. Empire teaches literature appraisal as a graded competency, not an aside.
1.1Peptide Signaling Biology & Receptor Pharmacology
- Peptides as signaling molecules versus small-molecule drugs and hormone replacement
- Receptor classes encountered in peptide practice (GPCR, receptor tyrosine kinase, nuclear, ion-channel) and how class predicts the side-effect profile
- Agonist, partial agonist, antagonist and biased-signaling concepts applied to named agents
- Endogenous versus synthetic analogs: why sequence modification changes selectivity
- Downstream second-messenger cascades studied in peptide literature (cAMP, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, AMPK, mTOR)
- Receptor desensitization, tachyphylaxis and the rationale behind cycling schedules
- Species-to-species receptor differences and why they limit preclinical extrapolation
1.2Pharmacokinetics, Routes & Delivery Systems
- Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of peptide therapeutics
- Enzymatic degradation, DPP-4 cleavage and half-life engineering (acylation, pegylation, DAC/albumin binding, stapling)
- Subcutaneous and intramuscular administration: depot behavior, site selection, rotation
- Intranasal delivery and blood-brain-barrier considerations for neuropeptides
- Oral and liposomal peptide delivery: bioavailability limits and the formulation claims to interrogate
- Topical and transdermal peptide delivery, penetration enhancers and microneedling-assisted uptake
- Dosing cadence: pulsatile versus continuous exposure and what each is studied to model
1.3Reconstitution, Dosing Math, Storage & Stability
- Lyophilized product handling, diluent selection (bacteriostatic water, sterile water, sodium chloride)
- Concentration math: mg/mL, units on an insulin syringe, dead-space and draw-up error
- Multi-agent vial planning and the arithmetic behind blended prescriptions
- Cold-chain requirements, beyond-use dating and what degrades a peptide in the patient's refrigerator
- Light, temperature, freeze-thaw and pH stability factors documented on a certificate of analysis
- Patient-facing reconstitution instruction and teach-back verification
- Sharps, disposal and home-storage counseling in the medical record
1.4Evidence Literacy: Reading the Peptide Literature
- Evidence tiers applied to peptides: mechanistic, in vitro, animal, case series, controlled human trial
- Reading a rodent tendon-healing study and stating precisely what it does and does not support
- Trial design literacy: endpoints, powering, blinding, surrogate versus clinical outcomes
- Identifying preprints, predatory journals, sponsor-funded reviews and conference abstracts without full data
- Grading the evidence behind a claim before it is repeated to a patient
- Translating an evidence tier into consent language and expectation-setting
- Building and maintaining a personal evidence file per agent that is refreshed as literature moves
Primary agents taught in this module (as teaching exemplars) — 8 named
- Semaglutide
- Sermorelin
- CJC-1295
- BPC-157
- GHK-Cu
- SS-31
- PT-141
- Tesamorelin